The problem of antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in both humans and animals is an important public health concern globally, which is likely to increase, including in Thailand, where carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), such as Escherichia coli, are of particular concern. They are pathogens found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and other animals as well as in the environment. They may cause opportunistic infection and are often resistant to antibiotics in various fields especially in animal husbandry, such as pets or livestock farms. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant E. coli from water samples of smallholder dairy farms in Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, Thailand. Sixty-four water samples were collected from 32 dairy farms in Kaeng Khoi district, Muak Lek district, and Wang Muang district of Saraburi Province, and Kantharawichai district and Mueang district of Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. All samples were cultured and isolated for E. coli by biochemical tests. All E. coli isolates were tested for drug susceptibility using imipenem, meropenem, and drug resistance genes of carbapenemases such as blaNDM, blaIMP, and blaOXA48 of drug-resistant E. coli isolates detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. A total of 182 E. coli isolates were found (140 and 42 isolates from Saraburi and Maha Sarakham, respectively). Drug sensitivity tests found that two isolates of E. coli from water in Kaeng Khoi were resistant to imipenem; therefore, the incidence of E. coli resistance to carbapenem was 1.43% of Saraburi Province. On the other hand, there was no incidence of drug-resistant E. coli in Maha Sarakham. In addition, the detection of the drug-resistant gene of E. coli in both isolates by PCR showed the expression of blaNDM. This study reports E. coli resistance to antimicrobial drugs on livestock farms. It can be considered to be the first report of E. coli CRE detection in a dairy farm at Saraburi, which should be the subject of further extended study. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, dairy farm, Escherichia coli, water.

Gentamicin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections in poultry, its residue in tissues is known to have a deleterious effect in human when consumed. The study aimed to determine the use of gentamicin by poultry farmers and the presence and occurrence of gentamicin residue in tissues of commercial broilers in Ikpa slaughterhouse Nsukka. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey using questionnaire and immunological screening. A total of 108 broilers were sampled, testing 108 each of muscle, liver, and kidney tissues for gentamicin residue using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The questionnaire survey revealed that in the management practices, 55.2% of the farms used intensive deep litter, 21% intensive battery cage, and 23.6% extensive farming system. Twenty-seven (71%) farms reared only broilers, 10.5% layers, and 18.4% both. The feeding management showed that 21.1% of farmers produced their own feed (medicated) while 78.8% used commercial feed, of which 11.5% incorporated antibiotics. Hundred (100%) of the respondents used gentamicin and only 47.3% were aware of the consequences of antimicrobial residue in foods of animal origin, with knowledge of the legislation on the prudent use of antimicrobials in food animals. The occurrence of gentamicin residue in surveyed birds was 65% with tissue distribution as follows: Muscle (44.4%), liver (51.9%), and kidney (59.3%). Poultry farms in the study area make constant use of gentamicin without observing its withdrawal period before sale, and a high percentage of the commercial birds meant for human consumption contains gentamicin residue. Therefore, consumers might be at risk of consuming gentamicin as a parent drug or its metabolites in commercial poultry. Keywords: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, farm management, gentamicin, poultry, residue.

There is currently no published information on the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pet red-footed tortoises in Grenada. Monitoring is essential to understand the dynamics of the epidemiology of Salmonella. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. from pet red-footed tortoises from Grenada and to test for antimicrobial drug resistance of the isolates. Established bacterial culture, serotyping, and antimicrobial susceptibility methods were used. Fecal samples were obtained from 114 tortoises from five parishes of Grenada, and cultured for Salmonella using enrichment and selective culture techniques. The serotyping of isolated Salmonella was performed at the Office International des Epizooties Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility in the Microbiology Laboratory of the School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada. Fifteen tortoises (13.2%) out of 114 were positive for Salmonella spp. Five serovars were identified: Salmonella Javiana (6.3%), Salmonella Rubislaw (6.3%), Salmonella Saintpaul (18.75%), Salmonella Glostrup (6.3%), and S. I: Rough.O;e,h:1,2 (62.5%). All isolates were sensitive to the 12 antimicrobial drugs. Three serovars (S. Javiana, S. Saintpaul, and S. Rubislaw) are known pathogens causing disease in humans. Since tortoises included in the study were pets, the tortoises may be a possible source of transmission of Salmonella to their owners. The tortoise owners should be educated on the importance of hygienic raising of their pets. This is the first report of isolation of Salmonella spp. from pet red-footed tortoises in Grenada. Keywords: antimicrobial susceptibility, Grenada, red-footed tortoises, Salmonella spp.

Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important, neglected zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution which has been reported in different regions of Iran, including the central areas (e.g. Qom Province). The disease is caused by the Echinococcus granulosus parasite living in the intestine of dogs and other canids as definitive hosts. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology, burden, and geographical distribution of CE in Qom Province, Central Iran. In this descriptive-analytic study, the data of patients with diagnosed CE during 2011-2018 were collected from all urban and rural areas of Qom Province. The data of the epidemiological status of CE cases were extracted from the CE surveillance system in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Qom University of Medical Sciences which is owned and run by Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education. In addition, the economic burden of the disease was evaluated by Azarakhsh and Roozamad financial software; the geographical distribution of CE was obtained by ArcGIS 10.3 software (IBM Corp., Chicago, USA). The results reveal that the incidence rate of CE was 6.81/100,000 people over the 8-year period of the study. More than half of the cases were females (57.95%), housewives (57.47%), and residents (89.77%). The majority of the cases were Iranian (88.77%) and the rest were from the two neighboring countries: Afghanistan and Pakistan. The economic burden of the human CE in the 8 years was estimated to be 3,761,352,526 rials (75,227 $). In terms of spatial distribution, the highest incidence rate of CE was observed in Salafchegan District in the southwest of Qom Province. The economic burden of human CE infection provided by governmental health-care systems or as out-of-pocket expenses is relatively high, and housewives, especially those living in Salafchegan District, are more likely to be affected. More studies are recommended on different epidemiological aspects and the definitive hosts of the parasite; besides, people at risk need to be warned and educated so that the incidence rate of the disease is reduced. Keywords: cystic echinococcosis, hydatidosis, Iran.

Vector-borne diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in several regions, especially in tropical and subtropical countries. This study aimed to compare the relative abundance, diversity, monthly biting rates, and parity rate of onchocerciasis vector collected from three small rivers in Southwest Ethiopia. Adult Simulium were collected using human landing catch with protected by the Mosq Tent for 4 consecutive days per month from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. from January 2018 to December 2018 at three communities: Dizi, Agalo Uka, and Haro Magela. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between study site villages and abundances of the Simulium diversity. During the study period, a total of 15,264 Simulium belong to two species Simulium damnosum sensu lato and Simulium neavei were collected. The monthly dynamics of S. damnosum sensu lato shows that the highest density of flies was observed in August, followed by July, whereas the lowest was observed in April. On the other hand, the highest peak biting hour was observed between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m., while the lowest hourly activity of the fly was recorded from 7 a.m. to 8 a.m. Furthermore, the highest parity rate was observed 82.2% in July followed by 80.9% in August while the lowest rate was observed 43.7% in January. This information on onchocerciasis vectors seasonal variation, diversity, parity, and biting time are important factors that to be considered for noticeable suggestions in monitoring transmission levels to guide the regional and national onchocerciasis elimination programs in Ethiopia. Keywords: onchocerciasis, parity, Simulium damnosum s.l., Simulium neavei, vector.

Schistosomiasis is one of the seven neglected tropical diseases that are of public health concern in the Philippines. The disease is prevalent in few of the barangays (communities) in Koronadal City, Philippines. Status of the Schistosoma japonicum infections in domestic animal reservoir host has yet to be explored in these endemic communities. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and infection intensity of the disease in cattle and water buffaloes of endemic communities of Koronadal City. Schistosomiasis was investigated in 70 cattle and 38 water buffaloes from three endemic communities in Koronadal City. The copro-parasitological technique used was the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation method. S. japonicum infection was observed in 48.6% of cattle and 60.5% in water buffaloes. The bovine contamination index indicated that all infected animals released 3,505,500 eggs/day. On average, infected cattle released 1,674,500 eggs daily, while infected water buffaloes liberated 1,932,000 eggs in the environment daily. Cattle and water buffaloes in these endemic areas are infected with S. japonicum. These animals release large numbers of eggs in the environment daily; hence, played an important role in disease transmission. Those living and working in endemic areas should be aware of the inherent dangers of the disease. Keywords: one health, Philippines, Schistosoma japonicum, schistosomiasis, zoonotic parasitic diseases.

Antibiotics have been some great effective molecules against infections since their discovery. The excessive use and misuse of antibiotics have resulted in a selection of antibiotic-resistant strains. Among the reasons involved, the prescription of antibiotics can be important. The present study aimed to contribute to the reduction of antibiotic resistance due to the misuse of antibiotics. A knowledge, attitude, and practice survey of health professionals from Savalou-Bante (230) and Dassa-Glazoué (100) health zones was performed about the prescription of antibiotics. About 53% of respondents in the health zone of Savalou-Bantè were assistant nursing and only 3% of them were specialized physicians. The other respondents were physicians (3%), midwives (10%), and nurses (31%). Forty-five percent of the respondents were nurses and only 5% of them were specialized physicians in Savalou-Bantè. However, all these health professionals prescribe antibiotics. The first-line antibiotics prescribed were penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and quinolones. These health professionals usually have no knowledge of the mechanism of action of these antibiotics. The antibiotics prescribed mostly were for ear, nose, and throat and upper respiratory infections (80% in Dassa-Glazoué and 79% in Savalou-Bantè). The most commonly used dosage form was tablets (58%) in the health zone of Savalou-Bantè and the injectable form in the sanitary zone of Dassa-Glazouè. It is important to implement a policy of rational use of antibiotics to reduce the excessive and misuse of antibiotics and prevent antibiotic resistance. Keywords: antibiotics, health professionals, knowledge, prescription.

Microbiological risk analysis of ready-to-eat fast foods for sale on the campus of Bangladesh Agricultural University was undertaken to understand the contribution of such foods to foodborne disease. From each of 10 randomly selected fast food outlets, a total of 120 samples of six food items were collected to assess common microbial load. In parallel, vendors were asked about their food production and selling practices, while consumers (n=200) were asked about their consumption of fast foods and whether they had experienced symptoms of foodborne disease. Aerobic plate count (APC) varied from 6.92 to 7.24 log colony-forming unit (cfu)/g, Staphylococcus spp. 4.67 to 5.15 log cfu/g, Salmonella spp. 3.67 to 4.22 log cfu/g, and Escherichia coli 4.10 to 4.58 log cfu/g. Microbial risk assessment of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli for daily, weekly, or monthly consumption was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation (10,000 iterations). The consumer survey showed 57% chance of being infected by ready-to-eat fast food samples. The calculated mean annual risks of Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli infection were about 100% in all cases. Thus, the study revealed high risk of infection associated with the consumption of ready-to-eat fast foods. Keywords: fast foods, microbial quality, microbial risk, Monte Carlo simulation.

Contamination of meat with Salmonella could result in food-borne disease outbreaks among the consumers. However, there is a dearth of data assessing the presence of Salmonella in beef in Anambra State. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in beef and slaughter/processing facilities in Kwata slaughterhouse. Swab samples (200) randomly collected were cultured for the isolation of Salmonella and the isolates subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test. Data obtained were analyzed using t-test and analysis of variance with p< 0.05 considered statistically significant. Of the 200 samples cultured, 33.5% (67/200) yielded Salmonella isolates. The mean Salmonella load (colony-forming unit [CFU]/cm2) for different contact surfaces (before and after contact with carcasses) was as follows: Slaughter floor, 1.1×1010±1.1×106a and 1.0×1010±1.1×106b; display table, 1.1×1010±11.1×106a and 1.0×1010±1.1×106b; washing bucket 1.01×1010±1.0×106a and 0.8×1010±0.1×106b; knife, 1.1×1010±1.10×106a and 1×1010±1.0×106b; boot, 1.1×1010±1.0×106a and 1.0×1010±1.10×106b; file, 1.1×1010±1.0×106a and 1.0×1010±0.1×106b; and wheelbarrow, 1.1×1010±1.0×106a and 1.01×1010±0.11×106b. Salmonella counts decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the presented order from slaughter floor to wheelbarrow after contact with carcasses. On the other hand, there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in washing water Salmonella counts before and after (0.7×1010±0.10×106a and 1.0×1010±1.0×106b CFU/100 ml) carcasses wash. To each of the antimicrobials tested, the percentage of the 67 isolates found resistant was as follows: ciprofloxacin, 25.4%; ofloxacin, 27%; ceftriaxone, 35.8%; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 88.1%; chloramphenicol, 59.7%; gentamicin, 34.3%; streptomycin, 49.3%; nalidixic acid, 49.3%; trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 76%; nitrofurantoin, 89.6%; and ampicillin, 100%. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella were isolated from beef and slaughter/processing facilities in Anambra State. This underscores the need for a coordinated one health approach for the improvement of hygienic standard during slaughter/processing in the slaughterhouse surveyed, to limit meat contamination and hence safeguard human health. Keywords: beef, contact surfaces, Kwata slaughterhouse, resistance, Salmonella.

The increasing antimicrobial resistance with reduced susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs is becoming a major concern for both human and animal, which raises health morbidity and mortality rate of cases that cannot be treated by antibiotics. Nowadays, there are many efforts to minimize the misuse of antibiotics. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanolic extracts of three Thai herbs divided in four groups; petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta), mulberry leaves and root barks (Morus indica), and whole onions of red shallot (Allium ascalonicum) against Streptococcus agalactiae. The antimicrobial activity of four groups of the crude extracts using absolute ethanol from three Thai herbs was tested against standard strains of S. agalactiae using the agar well diffusion method. The commercial antibiotics ceftriaxone and erythromycin were used as positive control standards to determine the sensitivity of S. agalactiae. The result showed that all four groups of Thai herbal extract had inhibitory activity against standard strains of S. agalactiae. The inhibitory concentration test values were obtained using the dilution test at 25, 50, and 75 mg/ml. The maximum antimicrobial activity against S. agalactiae was observed in the ethanolic extracts from red shallot extract, followed by leaves of mulberry, petals of marigold, and root barks of mulberry, respectively. The results demonstrated that the crude extract of three Thai herbs had antimicrobial activity inhibiting the growth of S. agalactiae and suggesting that they may be useful in the treatment of S. agalactiae infections in humans and animals. Keywords: antimicrobial activity, ethanol extract, Streptococcus agalactiae, Thai herbal extracts.

Contamination of processed meat by chemicals, either by their addition for enhancing the product quality or as a result of contamination during the manufacturing process, is a crucial food safety issue that threatens human health. This research was conducted to estimate the contamination levels by harmful chemical contaminants, including nitrite, lead, cadmium, and phosphate in the Egyptian processed meats. In our study, 20 samples of each frozen sausage, pastirma, and luncheon were collected and prepared for the detection of chemical contaminants, including nitrite, lead, cadmium, phosphorus, and phosphate. Pastirma showed the highest nitrite and lead levels (163.65±22.633 and 0.805±0.173 ppm) and the lowest levels in phosphorus and phosphate (2.294±0.19 and 9.084±0.755 g/kg) whereas sausage recorded the highest concentration of cadmium (0.073±0.008 ppm), phosphorus and phosphate (13.268±1.129 and 52.54±4.472 g/kg, respectively). However, the estimation of nitrite, lead, cadmium, and phosphate levels in sausage, pastirma, and luncheon was considered within the acceptable daily intake. Moreover, target hazard quotient and hazard index of all analyzed chemical contaminants in different processed meat were below one, indicating the safety of these meat products without any danger to human health. The probability of developing cancer was measured using carcinogenic risk (CR) where pastirma and luncheon recorded satisfactory levels away from developing cancer because of lead (4.59E-04 and 1.87E-04, respectively) and cadmium (7.60E-04 and 3.80E-04, respectively) contamination. Surprisingly, the cadmium level in sausage samples represented a relevant CR for consumers (1.90E-03). Periodical surveillance of meat chemical contaminants is a vital issue for human health maintenance. Keywords: carcinogenic risk, chemical contaminants, hazard index, meat products, target hazard quotient.

This work presents the implementation of a course on animal husbandry in an interdisciplinary curriculum based on the One Health concept. The study describes learners' viewpoints about the course and its insertion in the curriculum. The study aimed at identifying avenues for improvement. Fourteen learners (health professionals) participated to individual semi-structured interviews lasting for 25-35 min each. Learners' opinions were extracted from the transcribed interviews and analysis themes were identified from recurrent narratives. The learners perceived animal husbandry as relevant for One Health and potentially useful for their future practice. More precisely, learners were considering a future use of the newly acquired knowledge and skills in the advising of communities facing malnutrition and for the strategic planning at wider levels. Teaching methods were appreciated thanks to the active learning style. Unmet expectations concerned the coverage of impacts and relationships to other disciplines, the inclusion of viewpoints from other disciplines into the teaching, and the degree of contextualization of contents, e.g. through case studies. Accordingly, the main avenues for improvement, as identified by learners, were to give a prior focus on impacts (especially on human health) for all contents and to increase the number of case studies, but also to better address the questions of the usefulness of animal products in the management of malnutrition. The analysis of learners' expectations (met and unmet) and their recommendations regarding the future of the course helped identifying both successes and important challenges for teachers. Two main challenges are highlighted. First, increased interdisciplinarity is needed within the course to better cover the notion of impact of animal husbandry on health, society and environment. Second, the complexity of the domain under consideration will call for important efforts of clarification of the course structure and objectives in terms of skills acquisition. Keywords: animal husbandry, curriculum, interdisciplinarity, one health.

This study aimed at examined the presence of coliform bacteria in private wells and boreholes (BH) in peri-urban areas of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using the approaches of most probable number (MPN) index and coliform count. Seven hundred and sixty-eight water samples were randomly collected during a 1-year period from non-cased wells, burn brick cased wells (BBW), concrete cased wells, and BH in four locations; A, B, C, and D during the wet and dry seasons. One liter of water was obtained from each well at every visit to the four sites, and eight water samples were collected from each visit. The samples were analyzed using multiple tube fermentation methods and pour plate techniques to determine the MPN of coliform/100 ml of water, reading from the MPN statistics table. One-way analysis of variance statistics was applied using Duncan's new multiple range test to separate the means where there was a significant difference. The result revealed that the MPN index and total coliform counts in all the wells in the locations were above the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit for potable water. The highest MPN index of 54.807 was recorded in Location A and followed by 42.679 in Location B. The MPN index in Locations C and D was 36.740 and 30.943, respectively. There was significantly (p=0.000) higher total coliform count in the wet season (41.48±7.09) than in the dry season (38.33±2.83). This study shows the presence of coliform bacteria isolates in all the wells and BH that exceeded the WHO permissible limits for drinking water. The water from these sources is unsafe for drinking except after dosing with appropriate germicides. Sensitization of the population on the actions they can take to make the water safe for domestic use is suggested. Keywords: coliform, contamination, Enterobacteriaceae.

The One Health concept represents the inseparability of human, animal, and environmental health through a unified view of health care. This article addressed the topic of public health policies from the One Health perspective, demonstrating its inclusion in various health agendas such as emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, basic sanitation, mental health, chronic non-communicable diseases, interpersonal violence, and food safety. The results showed that the application of the One Health concept to the development and implementation of policies is associated with a growing need to involve transdisciplinary teams for solving complex problems to improve communication and to ensure the relevance and acceptability of public policies, thus guaranteeing governance. According to the principle of efficiency, the government must be aware of the evolution of technical knowledge and should use the One Health approach to improve the efficacy of already existing systems. We, therefore, conducted this review to contextualize current knowledge in this topic which is becoming an essential tool for public health policy-makers and practitioners around the world promoting a reflection on the importance of multiprofessional articulation in the implementation of intersectoral public health policies.

The research was to investigate the antibiotic resistance profile and to screen for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from nasal mucosa swab of dogs. The samples were collected from three pet clinics, three K9 units, one veterinary teaching hospital, and one kennel in Surabaya. Of the 50 total samples, 24 confirmed S. aureus strains, which were used for antibiotic sensitivity tests using a disk diffusion method and screening of MRSA used oxacillin resistance screening for base (ORSAB). This study showed that there were differences in antibiotic resistance patterns among different locations. Fourteen isolates were screened for MRSA by culture on ORSAB. MRSA carriage was found on nasal swab of dogs, and dogs can act as reservoir of MRSA for spreading to human health. Keywords: antibiotic-resistant, dogs, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus.