Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.

One of the key components of the O ne Health approach to epidemic preparedness is raising awareness and increasing the knowledge of emerging infectious diseases, prevention, and risk reduction. However, related research can involve significant risks to biosafety and biosecurity. For this purpose, we organized a multidisciplinary biosafety hands-on workshop to inform and increase the knowledge of infectious diseases and risk mitigation. This study aimed to describe the process and outcome of a hands-on biosafety training program using a One Health a pproach across a multidisciplinary and multi-specialty group in Nigeria. A face-to-face hands-on training for 48 participants was organized by the West African Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (WAC-EID) at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, serving as a lead institution for the Nigeria project site. Topics covered included (1) an overview of the WAC-EID research; (2) overview of infection prevention and control; (3) safety in animal handling and restraint, sample collection, and processing; (4) safety in field studies including rodent, bird and bat handling; (5) safety practices in the collection of mosquito and other arthropod vectors; (6) personal protective equipment training (disinfection, donning and doffing); and (7) safety in sample collection, labeling, and transportation. The program was executed using a mixed method of slide presentations, practical hands-on sessions, and video demonstrations. Pre- and post-course evaluation assessments and evaluation measures were used to assess training. A total of 48 trainees participated in this training, with 12 (25%), 16 (33.3%), 14 (29.2%), 6 (12.5%) categorized as ornithology, entomology, mammalogy, and clinical interest groups, respectively. The pass rate for the pre-test was 29.4%, while for the post-test, it was 57.1%, or a 28% improvement. 88.6% of the trainees rated the training as relevant to them. Didactic and hands-on biosafety training is relevant in this era of zoonotic epidemics and pandemic preparedness. During this training program, there was a clear demonstration of knowledge transfer that can change the current practices of participants and improve the safety of infectious diseases research. Keywords: biosafety, One Health, pandemic, training, biological safety.

Soil-transmitted helminth infections are a serious public health problem. The soil is an important reservoir for several helminth species. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of soil contamination with zoonotic soil-transmitted helminths. Soil samples were collected on the grounds of 19 temples in Ratchasan and Bang Khla districts, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand, between June 2021 and February 2022. A total of 190 soil samples were collected from ten different areas on the grounds of each temple, of which 31 (16.3%) were contaminated. The samples were analyzed by a centrifugal flotation technique using a saturated sodium nitrate solution. Six genera of helminths were recovered from the soil samples, of which five genera were identified as helminth eggs and two genera were identified as helminth larvae. The prevalence of soil contamination with helminth eggs was as follows: Toxocara spp. 15.8% (30/190), hookworm/strongylid 12.1% (23/190), Trichuris spp. 6.8% (13/190), Taenia spp. 2.1% (4/190), Ascaris spp. 1.6% (3/190), and unidentified helminth eggs 5.8% (11/190). Moreover, nematode larvae consisted of 8.4% (16/190) hookworm/strongylid, 3.7% (7/190) of Strongyloides spp., and 4.2% (8/190) unidentified nematode larvae. The rates of soil-transmitted helminth contamination were not significantly different between Ratchasan and Bang Khla districts (p = 0.878). Soil-transmitted helminth contamination was found in the soil environment of the community temples with a high probability of spreading intestinal helminthiasis to the local residents. Therefore, public awareness campaigns should be conducted targeting people in the community to increase their knowledge and understanding about animal healthcare to prevent and control the spread of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Keywords: soil contamination, soil-transmitted helminth, temple, Thailand, zoonotic helminth.

There have been limited capacity-building activities on One Health in the Philippines. To contribute to capacity development in One Health, the authors conducted the first short course on One Health in the country for health, allied health, and collaborating professionals. This study aimed to review the preparation and implementation of the One Health course and describe the challenges and opportunities of conducting the course during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The course curriculum was developed by a multidisciplinary group of experts. The objectives for the course were as follows: (1) Describe the concept, scope, and applications of One Health; (2) identify social and economic factors influencing food security and safety, control of zoonoses, and combating antimicrobial resistance; and (3) describe the challenges and opportunities in applying the One Health approach to achieve better public health outcomes. Recruitment of participants was based on predetermined criteria. The 3-day course was conducted online through Zoom. Pre- and post-tests as well as the evaluation of the course were administered through Google forms. The 3-day online course was attended by 136 participants from 15 of the 17 administrative regions of the country. A multidisciplinary group of experts delivered a total of 11 lectures divided into the following sessions: (1) Fundamentals of One Health; (2) Interrelatedness of Human, Animal, and Environmental Health; and (3) Applications of One Health. As the first One Health course in the Philippines, this 3-day course demonstrated the feasibility of conducting capacity-building on One Health for a multidisciplinary group of participants during the coronavirus disease-19 pandemic. It may serve as a model for similar and more in-depth courses on One Health for specific groups in the future and has set the stage for intersectoral communication and education, providing an avenue for collaboration for professionals in various disciplines, and facilitating the expansion of One Health network in the Philippines. Keywords: capacity-building, intersectoral collaboration, multidisciplinary approach, One Health, Philippines.

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria can avoid the mechanisms of action of antibiotic drugs, resulting in a reduced antibiotic activity. This is dangerous for animals and humans because treatment of infectious diseases can take longer and may even lead to treatment failure. Bacteria in meat can be the cause of meat-borne diseases for consumers. This study aimed to determine the resistance profile of Escherichia coli from broiler meat slaughtered in several local government poultry slaughterhouses in East Java. The 122 samples studied were from the pectoralis muscle of broilers from local government poultry slaughterhouses. The isolation and identification of E. coli from broiler meat were confirmed using MacConkey agar and eosin methylene blue agar, followed by Gram-staining, and an indole methyl red, Voges–Proskauer, and citrate test. The E. coli isolates were then tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby–Bauer method, and the results were interpreted using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The isolation and identification tests for E. coli indicated that 44.26% (54) of the samples were positive for E. coli. The results of the antibiotic resistance tests demonstrated that the resistance, from highest to lowest, was to erythromycin, trimethoprim, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, cephalothin , tetracycline, and chloramphenicol antibiotics with resistance of 66.7%, 61.1%, 59.3%, 35.2%, 33.3%, 27.8 %, 24.1%, and 24.1% respectively. Of the 54 isolates, 32 (59.26%) were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobials. The study found that the prevalence of E. coli in broiler meat in East Java, Indonesia was 44.26%. These bacteria were resistant to all of the antibiotics that were examined with high to very high resistance levels and are associated with multi-drug resistance (MDR) (59.26%). The presence of E. coli in broiler meat for human consumption can cause meat-borne illness, and the discovery of MDR is a matter of concern in the One Health approach because apart from having an impact on human health as meat consumers, it can also have an impact on animal health and the environment. Keywords: antibiotic resistance, broiler meat, Escherichia coli, public health.

Minahasa Regency is one of the regions in Indonesia where rabies is endemic. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the implementation and the challenges of the One Health approach in the rabies control program in Minahasa Regency. This qualitative study was carried out using semi-structured interviews involving 8 respondents who were stakeholders from five related sectors. A triangulation of source and method was conducted. The results showed that the collaboration between stakeholders had been limited due to a lack of control and evaluation of the One Health approach. Furthermore, the program faced challenges and there was a lack of advocacy for the local government and stakeholders to build multisectoral collaboration. To successfully implement the One Health approach in rabies control program in Minahasa, stakeholders from human, animal and ecological settings need to have a better understanding and support the idea. Regular communication between stakeholders is also needed to develop interdisciplinary actions to combat rabies. Keywords: control, Minahasa Regency, One Health approach, rabies.