Open Access
Research (Published online: 29-04-2016)
4. Detection and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria
I. O. Nwankwo, O. O. Faleke, M. D. Salihu, A. A. Magaji, U. Musa, J. Garba and E. B. Ibitoye
International Journal of One Health, 2: 19-23

I. O. Nwankwo: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
O. O. Faleke: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
M. D. Salihu: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
A. A. Magaji: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
U. Musa: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
J. Garba: Veterinary Council of Nigeria, North Central Zonal Office, Vom, Plateau State Nigeria
E. B. Ibitoye: Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Preclinical, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra, Malaysia

doi: 10.14202/IJOH.2016.19-23

Share this article on [Facebook] [LinkedIn]

Article history: Received: 01-01-2016, Accepted: 12-04-2016, Published online: 29-04-2016

Corresponding author: I. O. Nwankwo

E-mail: kinginnoma@yahoo.com

Citation: Nwankwo IO, Faleke OO, Salihu MD, Magaji AA, Musa U, Garba J, Ibitoye EB. Detection and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Int J One Health 2016;2: 19-23.
Abstract

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and viability of Campylobacter species isolates from different species of poultry and humans in Sokoto State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in the live birds markets, humans on admission and at outpatient clinics in the randomly selected hospitals in Sokoto State. Isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species were performed using standard culture isolation techniques and biochemical characterization. A total of 798 (506 cloacal and 292 fecal) swabs from poultry and humans, respectively, were collected and analyzed. The viability of 307 isolates stored in 15% glycerol and 85% tryptone broth at -20℃ was determined after 7-13 months.

Results: A total of 312 (39%) were positive for Campylobacter species which comprises 119 (30%), 20 (30%), 3 (14%), 9 (56%), 1 (50%), and 160 (55%) in chicken, guinea fowls, pigeons, ducks, turkey, and humans, respectively. The total of 38 (24%), 63 (39%), and 59 (37%) humans and 29 (19%), 79 (52%), and 44 (29%) poultry isolates were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter Coli, and Campylobacter Lari, respectively. A total of 261 (85%) of the stored isolates were still viable on re-isolation with the viability rates of 41 (95%), 67 (85%), and 17 (59%) at 7, 9, and 13 months of storage, respectively. There was a negative correlation between months of storage and viability rates. However, there was no significant statistical association (p>0.05) between prevalence rate and species of poultry.

Conclusion: Campylobacter species have been detected with varying degree of prevalence in both poultry and humans and their ability to survive freezing at -20℃ (95%) for up to 7 months has been revealed in the study. This is not only a concern to food and livestock industries but also a concern to the public health at large, especially, in view of the study area being considered one of the largest livestock producers in Nigeria. Campylobacteriosis is known to be associated with the cost of gastroenteritis management, antimicrobial resistance, food contamination, and complications such as a paralytic condition called Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Keywords: Campylobacter species, humans, poultry, Sokoto, Nigeria.

References

1. Snelling WJ, Matsuda M, Moore JE, Dooley JS. Campylobacter jejuni. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005;41:297-302. [Crossref] [PubMed]

2. Sahin O, Kassem II, Shen Z, Lin J, Rajashekara G, Zhang Q. Campylobacter in poultry: Ecology and potential interventions. Avian Dis 2015;59:185-200. [Crossref] [PubMed]

3. Stephens CP, On SL, Gibson JA. An outbreak of infectious hepatitis in commercially reared ostriches associated with Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni. Vet Microbiol 1998;61:183-90. [Crossref]

4. Cox NA, Stern NJ, Craven SE, Berrang ME, Musgrove MT. Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the cecal droppings of turkeys during production. J Appl Poult Res 2000;9:542-3. [Crossref]

5. Aydin F, Atabay HI, Akan M. The isolation and characterization of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni from domestic geese (Anseranser). J Appl Microbiol 2001;90:637-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]

6. Broman T, Waldenstrom J, Dahlgren D, Carlsson I, Eliasson I, Olsen B. Diversities and similarities in PFGE profiles of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from migrating birds and humans. J Appl Microbiol 2004;96:834-43. [Crossref] [PubMed]

7. Waldenstrom J, Broman T, Carlsson I, Hasselquist D, Achterberg RP, Wagenaar JA, et al. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002;68:5911-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

8. Welkos SL. Experimental gastroenteritis in newly-hatched chicks infected with Campylobacter jejuni. J Med Microbiol 1984;18:233-48. [Crossref] [PubMed]

9. Ikeda N, Karlyshev AV. Putative mechanisms and biological role of coccoid form formation in Campylobacter jejuni. Eur J MicrobiolImmunol (Bp) 2012;2:41-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

10. Epps SV, Harvey RB, Hume ME, Phillips TD, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Foodborne Campylobacter: Infections, metabolism, pathogenesis and reservoirs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013;10:6292-304. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

11. Taylor DN. Campylobacter infection in developing countries. In: Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, editors. Campylobacter jejuni: Current Status and Future Trends. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1992. p. 20-30. [PubMed]

12. World Health Organization: Water Sanitation and Health (WSH); Water-related Diseases; 2014. Available from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/campylobacteriosis/en. [Last accessed on 2014 Aug 08].

13. deCarvalho AF, da Silva DM, Azevedo SS, Piatti RM, Genovez ME, Scarcelli E. Detection of CDT toxin genes in Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from broiler carcasses and vegetables in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2014;44:693-9. [Crossref]

14. Salihu MD, Junaidu AU, Magaji AA, Rabiu ZM. Study of Campylobacter in raw cow milk in Sokoto State, Nigeria. Br J Dairy Sci 2010;1:1-5.

15. O'Mahony E, Buckley JF, Bolton D, Whyte P, Fanning S. Molecular epidemiology of Campylobacter isolates from poultry production units in southern Ireland. PLoS One 2011;6:e28490. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

16. Hunt JM, Abeyta C, Tran T. Campylobacter. In: FDAs Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online. 8th ed. Revision A. 2001. p. 7. Available from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-7.html. [Last accessed on 2014 May13].

17. Butzler JP. Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:868-76. [Crossref] [PubMed]

18. Backert S, Boehm M, Wessler S, Tegtmeyer N. Transmigration route of Campylobacter jejuni across polarized intestinal epithelial cells: Paracellular, transcellular or both? Cell Commun Signal 2013;11:72. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

19. Acke E, Carroll C, O'Leary A, McGill K, Kelly L, Lawlor A, et al. Genotypic characterization and cluster analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from domestic pets, human clinical cases and retail food. Ir Vet J 2011;64:6. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

20. NPC. Sokoto State Censors Statistical Tables. Abuja: NPC; 2006.

21. Resources Inventory and Management Limited (RIM). Nigerian Livestock Resources.State Reports. Vol. 3. Jardine House, Wesley Street Jersey UK: Resources Inventory and Management Limited; 1992. p. 9-1.

22. Thrusfield M. Estimation of disease prevalence. Veterinary Epidemiology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science;1999. p. 182-5.

23. Salihu MD, Junaidu AU, Oboegbulam SI, Egwu GO, Magaji AA, Abubakar MB, et al. Prevalence of Campylobacterspp. In Nigeria indigenous chicken in SokotoState Northwestern Nigeria. IJVM2009;7:1.

24. Atabay HI, Corry JE. The isolation and prevalence of Campylobactersfrom dairy cattle using a variety of methods. J ApplMicrobiol 1998;84:733-40. [Crossref] [PubMed]

25. Quinn PJ, Carter ME, Markey B, Carter GR. Campylobacter species. In: Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. London: Wolfe Publishing, an Imprint of Mosby-Year Book Europe Limited; 1994. p.268-4.

26. Ugboma AN, Salihu MD, Magaji AA, Abubakar MB. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in ground water in Sokoto, SokotoState, Nigeria. Vet World 2013;6:285-7. [Crossref]

27. Robino P, Tomassone L, Tramuta C, Rodo M, Giammarino M, Vaschetti G, et al. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and enteric Helicobacter in domestic and free living birds in North-Western Italy. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 2010;152:425-31. [Crossref] [PubMed]

28. Shane SM. The significance of Campylobacter jejuni infection in poultry: A review. Avian Pathol 1992;21:189-213. [Crossref] [PubMed]

29. Gwimi PB, Faleke OO, Salihu MD, Magaji AA, Abubakar MB, Nwankwo IO, et al. Prevalence of Campylobacter species in fecal samples of pigs and humans from Zuru Kebbi State, Nigeria. Int J One Health2015;1:1-5. [Crossref]

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Campylobacter General Information; 2014. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/campylobacter. [Last accessed on 2014 Aug12].

31. Mohan V. Faeco-prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in urban wild birds and pets in New Zealand. BMC Res Notes 2015;8:1. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]

32. Gorman R, Adley CC. An evaluation of five preservation techniques and conventional freezing temperatures of -20℃ and -85℃ for long-term preservation of Campylobacter jejuni. LettApplMicrobiol 2004;38:306-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]

33. Gblossi Bernadette G, Eric Essoh A, Elise Solange KN, Natalie G, Souleymane B, LamineSebastien N, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from chicken in Cote D'Ivoire. Int J Microbiol 2012;2012:150612. [Crossref] [PubMed] [PMC]